e-ISSN 2395-3950, p-ISSN 2395-440X
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 132
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 294
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 168
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 237
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 358
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 282
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 294
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 304
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 314
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 375
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/application/controllers/Home.php
Line: 9
Function: library
File: /home1/irpmsom/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
e-ISSN 2395-3950, p-ISSN 2395-440X
This to certify that International Research and Publications in Medical Sciences (IRPMS) editorial team has considered to present the best paper award to the corresponding author Kristine Joy G. Boholst, Noli A. Cabildo, David Vi for publishing his outstanding research paper in IRPMS, Volume-3, Issue-4, Oct-Dec entitled as 1. FACTORS FOR TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT RELAPSE AMONG PATIENTS PREVIOUSLY TAKING CATEGORY 1 STANDARD TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT REGIMEN IN SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES OF ILOCOS SUR.
editor@ irpms.com, irpmseditor@gmail.com +91 9427222776
Devendra Kumar, B.K. Binawara, Abhishek Acharya, Bharti Maan
ABSTRACT
Background & objective: Smokeless tobacco use (SLT) has been increased rapidly throughout the world, especially among adolescent boys and young men by considering it as safe alternatives of smoking. Because of vigorous efforts toward increasing awareness of the adverse effects of tobacco, smoking has been declined and paradoxically the use of SLT has been greatly increased. This study attempts to find out whether ‘chewing tobacco’ causes any adverse effects on the lungs by using pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Material & Methods: The present study has been conducted on the population of Bikaner city (Rajasthan) aged between eighteen years to fifty five years. Each group (study & control) was further sub-divided on the basis of age in two sub-groups, i.e. group I (18-35 years) and group II (36-55years) comprising twenty five subjects each. All the cases were evaluated for Physical parameters- Height, weight, body mass index, heart rate & blood pressure. Spirometry was done using computerized spirometer. Results: The mean values of systolic blood pressure in chewing tobacco non-users and users were 121.4±2.859 & 122.0±2.236 in group I, 124.8±3.109 & 125.3±1.815 in group II and the difference of mean values were statistically non-significant (p=0.4442, p=0.5082 in group I & II respectively). The mean values of diastolic blood pressure in chewing tobacco non-users & users were 80.0±0.115 & 80.32±0.748 in group I, 81.28±1.514 & 81.68±1.108 in group II and the difference of mean values was statistically non-significant (p=0.097, p=0.2918 in group I & II respectively). The difference in the mean value of FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75% and PEFR is highly significant (p value <0.0001***, <0.0001***, <0.0001*** and <0.0001*** respectively) in both groups I & II. But the difference of the mean value of FEV1/FVC is non-significant (p=0.3065 NS & p=0.7023 NS) in both groups I & II respectively. Conclusion: The present study shows that chewing tobacco has the deleterious effect on lung functions. Awareness campaign among youths regarding the deleterious effect of tobacco may lower the trend of using chewing tobacco products.
Key-words: Tobacco chewers, Pulmonary Function Tests, BMI, SBP, DBP
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
Pubmed Style
Kumar D, Binawara BK, Acharya A, Maan B. Effect of chewing tobacco on pulmonary functions in bikaner city population. Int Res Pub Med Sci. 2017; 3(1):9-15.
Web Style
Kumar D, Binawara BK, Acharya A, Maan B. Effect of chewing tobacco on pulmonary functions in bikaner city population. http://irpms.com/home/article_abstract/182 [Access: Jun 5, 2017].
AMA (American Medical Association) Style
Kumar D, Binawara BK, Acharya A, Maan B. Effect of chewing tobacco on pulmonary functions in bikaner city population. Int Res Pub Med Sci. 2017; 3(1):9-15.
Vancouver/ICMJE Style
Kumar D, Binawara BK, Acharya A, Maan B. Effect of chewing tobacco on pulmonary functions in bikaner city population. Int Res Pub Med Sci 2017; 3(1):9-15.
Harvard Style
Kumar D, Binawara BK, Acharya A, Maan B.(2017) Effect of chewing tobacco on pulmonary functions in bikaner city population. Int Res Pub Med Sci. 3(1):9-15.
Designed By - Innctech Solutions